Biology How Life Works 2nd Edition Chapter 1
Biology: How Life Works, Volume 1
Second Edition ©2016 James Morris; Daniel Hartl; Andrew Knoll; Robert Lue; Melissa Michael; Andrew Berry; Andrew Biewener; Brian Farrell; N. Michele Holbrook
Biology: How Life Works was written in response to recent and exciting changes in biology, education, and technology with the goal of helping students to think like biologists. The text, visual program, and assessments were developed together to provide students with the best resources to gai...
Biology: How Life Works was written in response to recent and exciting changes in biology, education, and technology with the goal of helping students to think like biologists. The text, visual program, and assessments were developed together to provide students with the best resources to gain an understanding of modern biology. Content is selected carefully, is integrated to illustrate the connections between concepts, and follows six themes that are crucial to biology: the scientific method, chemical and physical processes, cells, evolution, ecological interactions, and human impact. The second edition continues this approach, but includes expanded coverage of ecology, new in-class activities to assist instructors in active teaching, new pedagogical support for visual synthesis maps, and expanded and improved assessment.
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Biology: How Life Works was written in response to recent and exciting changes in biology, education, and technology with the goal of helping students to think like biologists. The text, visual program, and assessments were developed together to provide students with the best resources to gain an understanding of modern biology.
Content is selected carefully, is integrated to illustrate the connections between concepts, and follows six themes that are crucial to biology: the scientific method, chemical and physical processes, cells, evolution, ecological interactions, and human impact.
The second edition continues this approach, but includes expanded coverage of ecology, new in-class activities to assist instructors in active teaching, new pedagogical support for visual synthesis maps, and expanded and improved assessment.
Thematic
The authors of How Life Works use six themes to guide decisions about which concepts to include and how to organize them. The themes provide a framework that helps students see biology as a set of connected concepts rather than disparate facts.
- The scientific method is a deliberate way of asking and answering questions about the natural world.
- Life works according to fundamental principles of chemistry and physics.
- The fundamental unit of life is the cell.
- Evolution explains the features that organisms share and those that set them apart.
- Organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment, shaping ecological systems that sustain life.
- In the 21st century, humans have become major agents in ecology and evolution.
Selective How Life Works is not a reference for all of biology, but rather a resource focused on foundational concepts, terms, and experiments. It explains fundamental topics carefully, with an appropriate amount of supporting detail, so that students leave an introductory biology class with a framework on which to build.
Integrated How Life Works moves away from minimally related chapters to provide guidance on how concepts connect to one another and the bigger picture. Across the book, key concepts such as chemistry are presented in context and Cases and Visual Synthesis Figures throughout provide a framework for connecting and assimilating information.
New to This Edition
Expanded ecology coverage on physical processes and global ecology provides additional emphasis on ecological concepts, while ensuring that content is integrated into the larger theme of evolution.
Lead Author Melissa Michael guides the assessment team in refining and expanding our collection of thoughtful, well-curated assessment questions. Dr. Michael's role ensures a tight alignment between the assessment and the media and text.
Visual Synthesis Figures and Online Maps on Cellular Communities, Viruses, and the Flow of Matter and Energy through Ecosystems allow students to explore connections between concepts through dynamic and interactive visualizations.
A Rich Collection of In-class Activities provides active learning materials for instructors to use in a variety of settings.
Improved LaunchPad functionality makes it easier to search and filter within our expansive collection of assessment questions.
Table of Contents
1. Life: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary Foundations
Case 1 The First Cell: Life's Origins
2. The Molecules of Life
New coverage of functional groups 3. Nucleic Acids and Transcription
Nucleotides now shown at physiological pH 4. Translation and Protein Structure
Amino acids now shown at physiological pH 5. Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments
6. Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy
7. Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy from Carbohydrates and Other Fuel Molecules
8. Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight to Build Carbohydrates
The story of the evolution of photosynthesis now brought together in a single major section at the end of the chapter (Section 8.5).
Case 2: Cancer: When Good Cells Go Bad
9. Cell Signaling
10. Cell and Tissue Architecture: Cytoskeleton, Cell Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix
Chapters 9 and 10 have been streamlined to better match our mission statement.
11. Cell Division: Variations, Regulation, and Cancer
Case 3 You, From A to T: Your Personal Genome
12. DNA Replication and Manipulation
New inclusion of the trombone model of DNA replicationAddition of CRISPR technology 13. Genomes
Expanded coverage of retrotransposons and reverse transcriptase
14. Mutation and DNA Repair
15. Genetic Variation
16. Mendelian Inheritance
A new How Do We Know? figure explaining Mendel's experimental results
17. Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes, Linked Genes, and Organelles
18. The Genetic and Environmental Basis of Complex Traits
19. Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation
New discussion of the mechanism of X-inactivation
20. Genes and Development
Case 4 Malaria: Coevolution of Humans and a Parasite
21. Evolution: How Genotypes and Phenotypes Change Over Time
An expanded discussion of nonrandom mating and inbreeding depression
22. Species and Speciation
23. Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and Fossils
Addition of the effect of mass extinctions on species diversity
24. Human Origins and Evolution
Updated discussion of the relationship between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, as well as Denisovans
James Morris
James Morris is professor of biology at Brandeis University. He teaches a wide variety of courses for majors and non-majors, including introductory biology, evolution, genetics and genomics, epigenetics, comparative vertebrate anatomy, and a first-year seminar on Darwin's On the Origin of Species. He is the recipient of numerous teaching awards from Brandeis and Harvard. His research focuses on the rapidly growing field of epigenetics, making use of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. He currently pursues this research with undergraduates in order to give them the opportunity to do genuine, laboratory-based research early in their scientific careers. Dr. Morris received a PhD in genetics from Harvard University and an MD from Harvard Medical School. He was a Junior Fellow in the Society of Fellows at Harvard University and a National Academies Education Fellow and Mentor in the Life Sciences. For the last two years he has served as a reader for the AP® Biology exam.
Daniel Hartl
Daniel L. Hartl is Higgins Professor of Biology in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University and Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases at the Harvard Chan School of Public Health. He has taught highly popular courses in genetics and evolution at both the introductory and advanced levels. His lab studies molecular evolutionary genetics and population genetics and genomics. Dr. Hartl is the recipient of the Samuel Weiner Outstanding Scholar Award as well as the Gold Medal of the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has served as President of the Genetics Society of America and President of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. Dr. Hartl's PhD is from the University of Wisconsin, and he did postdoctoral studies at the University of California, Berkeley. Before joining the Harvard faculty, he served on the faculties of the University of Minnesota, Purdue University, and Washington University Medical School. In addition to publishing more than 400 scientific articles, Dr. Hartl has authored or coauthored 30 books.
Andrew Knoll
Andrew H. Knoll is Fisher Professor of Natural History in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. He is also Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences. Dr. Knoll teaches introductory courses in both departments. His research focuses on the early evolution of life, Precambrian environmental history, and the interconnections between the two. He has also worked extensively on the early evolution of animals, mass extinction, and plant evolution. He currently serves on the science team for NASA's mission to Mars. Dr. Knoll received the Phi Beta Kappa Book Award in Science for Life on a Young Planet. Other honors include the Paleontological Society Medal and Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society, London. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a foreign member of the Royal Society of London. He received his PhD from Harvard University and then taught at Oberlin College before returning to Harvard.
Robert Lue
Robert Lue is a professor of molecular and cellular biology and UNESCO Chair on Life Sciences and Social Innovation at Harvard University. He is also the Richard L. Menschel Faculty Director of the Derek Bok Center for Teaching and Learning, where he is responsible for fostering innovative teaching in Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Lue earned his Ph.D. in biology from Harvard, and since 1988 has taught undergraduate courses acclaimed for their innovative, interdisciplinary approach. In 2012, Lue's extensive work on using technology to enhance learning took a new direction when he became the founding faculty director of HarvardX, Harvard's university-wide online education initiative that includes the edX partnership with MIT. Lue continues to shape Harvard's engagement in learning and expand its reach and impact globally. In 2017, he was awarded a grant from the Amgen Foundation to build LabXchange, an online platform for science education that integrates digital instruction and interactivity while connecting students, teachers, and researchers for sharing and collaboration. He also serves as the faculty director of the Harvard Ed Portal, the primary community engagement center on Harvard's Allston campus.
Melissa Michael
Melissa Michael is Director for Core Curriculum and Assistant Director for Undergraduate Instruction for the School of Molecular and Cellular Biology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. A cell biologist, she primarily focuses on the continuing development of the School's undergraduate curricula. She is currently engaged in several projects aimed at improving instruction and assessment at the course and program levels. Her research focuses primarily on how creative assessment strategies affect student learning outcomes, and how outcomes in large-enrollment courses can be improved through the use of formative assessment in active classrooms.
Andrew Berry
Andrew Berry is Lecturer in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and an undergraduate advisor in the Life Sciences at Harvard University. With research interests in evolutionary biology and history of science, he teaches courses that either focus on one of the areas or combine the two. He has written two books: Infinite Tropics, a collection of the writings of Alfred Russel Wallace, and, with James D. Watson, DNA: The Secret of Life, which is part history, part exploration of the controversies surrounding DNA-based technologies.
Andrew Biewener
Andrew Biewener is Charles P. Lyman Professor of Biology in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University and Director of the Concord Field Station. He teaches both introductory and advanced courses in anatomy, physiology, and biomechanics. His research focuses on the comparative biomechanics and neuromuscular control of mammalian and avian locomotion, with relevance to biorobotics. He is currently Deputy Editor-in-Chief for the Journal of Experimental Biology. He also served as President of the American Society of Biomechanics.
Brian Farrell
Brian D. Farrell is Director of the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies and Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Curator in Entomology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. He is an authority on coevolution between insects and plants and a specialist on the biology of beetles. He is the author of many scientific papers and book chapters on the evolution of ecological interactions between plants, beetles, and other insects in the tropics and temperate zone. Professor Farrell also spearheads initiatives to repatriate digital information from scientific specimens of insects in museums to their tropical countries of origin. In 2011–2012, he was a Fulbright Scholar to the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic. Professor Farrell received a BA degree in Zoology and Botany from the University of Vermont and MS and PhD degrees from the University of Maryland.
N. Michele Holbrook
N. Michele Holbrook is Charles Bullard Professor of Forestry in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. She teaches an introductory course on biodiversity as well as advanced courses in plant biology. She studies the physics and physiology of vascular transport in plants with the goal of understanding how constraints on the movement of water and solutes between soil and leaves influences ecological and evolutionary processes.
Biology How Life Works 2nd Edition Chapter 1
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